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In Germany the signaller can authorise the driver to pass a signal at danger by illuminating an auxiliary signal in the form of three white lights or a single flashing white light. On receiving this indication the driver then has permission to override the system which would normally stop the train if it passed a signal at danger.
This system can be used if the signaller believes that there has been a failure with the signalling system or to authorise an unusual shunting movement but obviously the signaller must be 100% confident that it is safe to do so. This confidence will come from complying with the rules and following a particular procedure. I assume that this is where mistakes were made with disastrous consequences.
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